Les pronoms personnels (COD et COI)

Pronoms personnels 

Sujet	COD	COI	Personne et nombre :
Je	Me	Me	(1ère personne du singulier)
Tu	Te	Te	(2e personne du singulier)
Il	Le	Lui	(3e personne du singulier)
Elle	La	Lui	(3e personne du singulier)
Nous	Nous	Nous	(1ère personne du pluriel
Vous	Vous	Vous	(2e personne du pluriel)
Ils	Les	Leur	(3e personne du pluriel)
Elles	Les	Leur	(3e personne du pluriel)

Pronoms personnels toniques :

Toniques	Personne et nombre :
Moi	1ère personne du singulier
Toi	2e personne du singulier
Lui	3e personne du singulier
Elle	3e personne du singulier
Nous	1ère personne du pluriel
Vous	2e personne du pluriel
Eux	3e personne du pluriel
Elles	3e personne du pluriel

Emploi des pronoms personnels toniques :

1- comme apposition au sujet (renforce le sujet)	Moi, je suis là. Je suis là, moi.
2- comme apposition au COD ou au COI (renforce le COD ou le COI)	Moi, il me voit. Il me voit, moi.
3- après une préposition	Elle est venue chez toi.
4- après un comparatif (plus... que, moins... que, autant... que, aussi... que)	Elle sest plus grande que moi. Tu es moins grand qu'elle.
5- après un impératif affirmatif, comme COD ou COI, (mais seulement pour les 1ère et 2e personnes du singulier. Mais pour les autres personnes, voir le tableau ci-dessous	Regarde-toi. Parle-moi.

5- Le pronom personnel COD ou COI est moi ou toi pour la 1^ère ou 2^e personne du singulier.

Ensuite, il faut prendre la colonne COD ou  COI :

Regarde-moi	Parle-moi
Regarde-toi	Lave-toi
Regarde-le	Parle-lui
Regarde-la	Parle-lui
Regarde-nous	Parle-nous
Regardez-vous	Lavez-vous
Regardez-les	Parlez-leur
Regardez-les	Parlez-leur

Les pronoms personnels en, y et soi

En remplace un mot qui commence par :	Exemples :
du	J'ai du pain = J'en ai.
de la	Je mange de la viande = J'en mange.
de l'	Je bois de l'eau = J'en bois.
des	Nous avons des livres = Nous en avons.
un (il faut répéter un)	Elle a un stylo = Elle en a un.
une (il faut répéter une)	Il a une gomme = Il en a une.
deux, trois, etc (il faut garder le nombre)	J'ai vu deux oiseaux = J'en ai vu deux. J'ai cinq frères = J'en ai cinq.
après les pronoms indéfinis suivants s'ils ne sont pas sujets : quelques-uns, quelques-unes, plusieurs, certains, certaines, aucun, aucune, un autre, une autre, d'autres Voir leçon 39 : adjectifs et pronoms indéfinis	J'en vois quelques-uns. Il en connaît plusieurs. Nous en verrons d'autres.
en relation avec : beaucoup de, peu de, trop de, assez de, moins de, plus de, autant de... si le nom qui suit n'est pas sujet.	J'ai lu beaucoup de pages = J'en ai lu beaucoup. Il a trop d'argent = Il en a trop.

Y remplace un mot qui n'est pas une personne et qui commence par :	Exemples :
au	Je vais au bureau = J'y vais.
à la	Tu vas à la cave = Tu y vas.
à l'	Elle va à l'école = Elle y va.
aux	Je vais aux Etats-Unis = J'y vais.
dans	Nous sommes dans la classe = Nous y sommes.

               

Remarques :

1-     Le pronom personnel il est neutre dans les expressions suivantes :

il pleut ; il neige ; il gèle ; il fait froid ; il fait chaud ; il y a ; il fait nuit ; il fait jour ; il est tôt ; il est tard ; il est midi ; il est minuit ; il est certain ; il est sûr ; il est probable ; il faut ; il est nécessaire ; il est possible, etc.

2-      Emplois de il (pronom personnel neutre) et de ce (pronom démonstratif neutre) :

Le pronom ce ne peut remplacer le pronom il que si l'action a été exprimée avant .

Exemple 1 : Elle viendra, c'est possible

Exemple 2 : Il est possible qu'elle vienne.

Dans le premier exemple, l'action de venir a été exprimée avant : on emploie ce ou c'.

Dans le deuxième exemple, l'action de venir a été exprimée après : on emploie il

3-     LE, Y et EN

Le (neutre) Y et EN représentent des choses ou des idées.

Exemples :  Il pleuvra, je le sais (le = qu'il pleuvra)

                     Voici un gâteau, n'y touche pas (y = à ce gâteau)

                     Voici un travail, j'en suis content (en = de ce travail)

Atention : Y et EN peuvent aussi être adverbes de lieu

            Exemples  : Je vais là-bas = J'y vais

                                 Je viens de là-bas = J'en viens

4-     Place des pronoms personnels :

Ils se placent toujours devant le verbe.

Exemple : Je le lui donnerai dès qu'il me le demandera.

            Sauf :

a)      dans la phrase interrogative : le pronom personnel sujet se met après le verbe

      et il y a un trait d'union.

      Exemple : Viendras-tu ?

b)      à l'impératif affirmatif : les pronoms personnels se placent tous après le verbe

      et il y a autant de traits d'union que de pronoms personnels :

      Exemple : Donne-le-lui

c)      si le verbe principal est suivi d'un infinitif, le pronom personnel se place devant l'infinitif.

Exemple : Il va en chercher

Mais si le verbe principal est :

regarder		Exemples : IL le regarde travailler
voir		Nous la voyons courir
entendre		Vous les entendez chanter
sentir		Je la sens venir
laisser		Son père le laisse sortir le soir
faire		Tu les fais entrer
écouter		Elle m'écoute parler

le pronom personnel se place devant le verbe principal

5-     Ordre des pronoms personnels :

Sujet + COI + COD

Exemples : Je te le donne. Elle vous les donne

MAIS si les pronoms personnels compléments sont de la 3^e personne du singulier ou du pluriel, l'ordre est le suivant :

Sujet + COD + COI

Exemple : Tu la lui donnes. Elle les leur offre.

6-     EN est toujours le dernier des pronoms personnels

          

Exemple : Je lui en donnerai. Donne-lui-en

7-     Emplois des pronoms personnels toniques :

a)      comme apposition au sujet :

Exemples : Moi, je lis le vivre (ou) Je lis le livre, moi

b)      comme apposition au COD ou au COI :

Exemples : Tu me regardes, moi (ou) Moi, tu me regardes.

                     Tu lui parles, à elle (ou) A elle, tu lui parles.

c)      après une préposition :

Exemples : Tu pars avec lui. Va chez eux.

  

d)      après un comparatif (plus... que ; moins... que ; autant que... ; etc.)

Exemple : Tu es plus grand que moi.

          

e)      après un impératif affirmatif :

Exemples : regarde-moi. Parle-lui.

Remarque :

Le pronom personnel COD ou COI est moi ou toi pour la 1^ère ou 2^e personne du singulier.

Ensuite, il faut prendre la colonne

                COD ou        COI :

Regarde-moi	Parle-moi
Regarde-toi	Lave-toi
Regarde-le	Parle-lui
Regarde-la	Parle-lui
Regarde-nous	Parle-nous
Regardez-vous	Lavez-vous
Regardez-les	Parlez-leur
Regardez-les	Parlez-leur

8-     Attention à la terminaison de l'impératif :

      si le verbe se termine pas es ou as au présent, il faut enlever le s et il y a

      autant de traits d'union que de pronoms personnels :

Exemples : Donne(s)-moi le livre. Offre(s)-lui-en un.

MAIS si l'impératif est suivi de en ou de y, il est nécessaire de garder le s :

            Exemples : Donnes-en un. Vas-y.

MAIS si l'impératif est suivi de en ou de y + d'un verbe à l'infinitif, il faut supprimer le s et il n'y a pas de trait d'union :

Exemples : Va y en chercher une.

    

 9) Absence de y : pour des raisons d'euphonie, il arrive que le pronom

          personnel y soit absent : J'irai à Paris = J'irai et non J'y irai.

10) Leur devant ou derrière un verbe est toujours pluriel mais ne prend jamais de S

 ESPAÑOL    

C.o.d. (CD) C.o.i. (CI)

Me ------------------------- me

Te -------------------------- te

Le -------------------------- lui

La -------------------------- lui

Nous ----------------------- nous

Vous ----------------------- vous

Les ------------------------- leur

Les ------------------------- leur

Los C.o.d. (complemento directo), sustituyen a sustantivos o nombres sin preposición.

Ej. :

Coupe le pain -------------- coupe-le

Corta el pan córtalo

Ej. :

Ne coupe pas le pain ------ ne le coupe pas

No cortes el pan no lo cortes

La frase con CD, se puede pasar a pasiva.

Los C.o.i. (complemento indirecto), sustituyen a sustantivos o nombres con la preposición “a”.

Ej. :

Il écrit à son ami ---------- Il lui écrit

Él escribe a su amigo. Él la escribe

Ej. :

Je ne parle pas à Jean ----- Je ne lui parle pas

No hablo a Jean No le hablo

Résumé Grammatical : Les pronoms COD, COI
En 1ª y 2ª persona del singular y del plural las formas son las mismas para los dos tipos de complemento:

C.O.D. / C.O.I.
	SINGULAR	PLURAL
1ª PERSONA	ME (M`)	NOUS
2ª PERSONA	TE (T`)	VOUS

            Il me donne sa voiture. (C.O.I.)
            Il t'écoute. (C.O.D.)

• ¡ATENCIÓN! Recuerda que hay que tener cuidado con la utilización de VOUS puesto que se usa también para el tratamiento de "usted" (Vd).

            Il vous parle. = Os habla. / Le habla (a usted).

• Tras el imperativo afirmativo se usa MOI en lugar de ME y TOI en lugar de TE :

            Passe-moi le pain.
            Lève-toi !

• En 3ª persona las formas son diferentes:

OBJET DIRECT	OBJET INDIRECT
LE LA L` LES	LUI LEUR

• ¡ATENCIÓN! En francés los verbos cuya construcción es directa, es decir, sin preposición, usan siempre el pronombre complemento directo (COD).

            Je vois Jean. ! Je le vois. (COD)
            Il invite Christine. ! Il l'invite. (COD)
            Je téléphone à mes copains. ! Je leur téléphone. (COI)

Ten en cuenta que en francés todos los complementos directos se construyen sin preposición mientras que en español los de persona utilizan la preposición "a".

Finalmente si el complemento directo está introducido por un artículo partitivo, por un numeral o por un adverbio de cantidad, se usa el pronombre EN.

            Il achète des pommes de terre. ! Il en achète.

PLACE DES PRONOMS PERSONNELS DANS LA PHRASE

 

EXEMPLES	Phrase avec antécédent
Moi, je m'en souviens	Moi, je me souviens de ce jour-là
Moi, je le lui dis souvent	Moi , je lui dis souvent de faire attention
Moi, je vous les passe tout de suite	Je vous passe tout de suite les photos de l'album
Toi, tu ne t'en rappelles pas ?
Toi, tu les lui rends
Lui, il nous les apporte
Lui il nous en apporte
Elle les lui met dans un sac
On y va souvent
Nous le lui répétons tous les jours
Vous vous y rendez souvent ?
Vous les lui envoyez chaque semaine ?
Ils vous en parlent ?
Elles se le disent les unes les autres
Pronoms personnels et la forme impérative négative
Exemples	Phrase avec antécédent
Ne me les donne pas
Ne vous y trompez pas
Ne le leur rendez pas
Ne la lui donne pas
Ne m'en veux pas, je t'en prie
Ne nous en moquons pas
Pronoms personnels et la forme impérative affirmative

On ajoute un trait d'union entre le verbe et les pronons qui suivent

Exemples	Phrase avec antécédent
Donne-le-moi	Donne-moi le sandwich
Rappelez-vous-en	Rappelez-vous de rendre le livre à la bibliothèque
Dis-le- lui en français	Dis-lui tout ce qu'il faut en français
Envoie-les-lui	Envoie-lui les photos du voyage
Réservez-nous-en deux pour samedi prochain	Réservez-nous deux places pour samedi prochain
Donnez-nous-en un petit morceau	Donnez-nous un petiti morceau de tarte aux pommes

Passive voice

Passive voice

1. FORM:

• To make the passive we use be and a past participle. Compare the active and passive forms in these examples:
• Present simple: The government builds hundreds of houses every year.
• Hundreds of houses are built every year by the government.
• Present continuous: the authorities are questioning two men.
• two men are being questioned by the authorities. 
• Present perfect: we have chosen Helen as the new president.
• Helen has been chosen as the new president. 
• Past simple: the police arrested one protester.
• One protester was arrested by the police.
• Past perfect: the police had arrested one protester.
• One protester had been arrested by the police.

• Past continuous: The police was arresting one protester.
• One protester was being arrested by the police.

• Will: They will play the match on Wednesday evening.
• The match will be played on Wednesday evening.

• Would: They would play the match on Wednesday evening.
• The match would be played on Wednesday evening.

2. Use of Passive

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.
Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:

Example: A mistake was made.

In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

3. TWO OBJECTS passive: (http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/passive.htm)
 
A sentence cast in the passive voice will not always include an agent of the action. For instance if a gorilla crushes a tin can, we could say "The tin can was crushed by the gorilla." But a perfectly good sentence would leave out the gorilla: "The tin can was crushed." Also, when an active sentence with an indirect object is recast in the passive, the indirect object can take on the role of subject in the passive sentence:

Active	Professor Villa gave Jorge an A.
Passive	An A was given to Jorge by Professor Villa.
Passive	Jorge was given an A.

Only transitive verbs (those that take objects) can be transformed into passive constructions. Furthermore, active sentences containing certain verbs cannot be transformed into passive structures. To have is the most important of these verbs. We can say "He has a new car," but we cannot say "A new car is had by him." We can say "Josefina lacked finesse," but we cannot say "Finesse was lacked." Here is a brief list of such verbs*:

resemble	look like	equal	agree with
mean	contain	hold	comprise
lack	suit	fit	become

4. Verbals in Passive Structures

Verbals or verb forms can also take on features of the passive voice. An infinitive phrase in the passive voice, for instance, can perform various functions within a sentence (just like the active forms of the infinitive).

• Subject: To be elected by my peers is a great honor.
• Object: That child really likes to be read to by her mother.
• Modifier: Grasso was the first woman to be elected governor in her own right.

The same is true of passive gerunds.

• Subject: Being elected by my peers was a great thrill.
• Object: I really don't like being lectured to by my boss.
• Object of preposition: I am so tired of being lectured to by my boss.

 

 EXPLICACIÓN EN ESPAÑOL (http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/vozpasiva.htm)

CARACTERISTICAS

1. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ ACTIVA cuando la significación del verbo es producida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere: Pedro de Mendoza founded Buenos Aires. (Pedro de Mendoza fundó Buenos Aires).

2. Se dice que una oración está en VOZ PASIVA cuando la significación del verbo es recibida por la persona gramatical a quien aquél se refiere: Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza. (Buenos Aires fue fundada por Pedro de Mendoza).

3. Se forma con el auxiliar del verbo to be y el participio pasado del verbo que se conjuga.

4. El complemento de la oración activa pasa a sujeto de la pasiva. Como en castellano, el sujeto de la activa se puede conservar como sujeto agente.

5. Cuando un verbo tiene dos complementos se pueden hacer dos estructuras de pasiva: a) A book was sent to Tom by Mr. Smith, Un libro fue enviado a Tom por Mr. Smith. b) Tom was sent a book by Mr. Smith (pasiva idiomática). Esta estructura no es posible en castellano.

MODELO DE VERBO EN VOZ PASIVA TO BE SEEN = SER VISTO

PRESENTE I am seen, soy visto you are seen, eres visto he is seen, es visto we are seen, somos vistos you are seen, sois vistos they are seen, son vistos PRETERITO PERFECTO I have been seen, he sido visto you have been seen, has sido visto he has been seen, ha sido visto we have been seen, hemos sido vistos you have been seen, habéis sido vistos they have been seen, han sido vistos

PASADO I was seen, fui visto you were seen, fuiste visto he was seen, fue visto we were seen, fuimos vistos you were seen, fuisteis vistos they were seen, fueron vistos FUTURO I shall be seen, seré visto you will be seen, serás visto he will be seen, será visto we shall be seen, seremos vistos you will be seen, seréis vistos they will be seen, serán vistos

PRETERITO PLUSCUAMPERFECTO:  I had been seen, había sido visto CONDICIONAL:  I should be seen, sería visto FUTURO PERFECTO:  I shall have been seen, habré sido visto CONDICIONAL PERFECTO:  I should have been seen, habría sido visto

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VOZ ACTIVA Y PASIVA: REGLAS PRACTICAS EN 4 PASOS.

1. La voz pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado más el participio del verbo principal. En inglés es mucho más frecuente que en español y, normalmente, aparece cuando no es importante quien realiza una acción sino el hecho en sí. Por eso, no siempre que veamos una pasiva, tenemos que traducirlo literalmente, puesto que en español suena más forzado. Sólo es posible el uso de la voz pasiva con verbos transitivos (verbos que llevan complemento directo).

VOZ ACTIVA Tom writes a letter Tom is writing a letter Tom was writing a letter Tom wrote a letter Tom has written a letter Tom had written a letter Tom will write a letter Tom is going to write a letter Tom can write a letter Tom could write a letter Tom must write a letter Tom may write a letter Tom might write a letter

VOZ PASIVA A letter is written by Tom A letter is being written by Tom A letter was being written by Tom A letter was written by Tom A letter has been written by Tom A letter had been written by Tom A letter will be written by Tom A letter is going to be written by Tom A letter can be written by Tom A letter could be written by Tom A letter must be written by Tom A letter may be written... A letter might be written...

2. El sujeto agente se expresa con by. Sin embargo, en la mayoría de las ocasiones se prescinde del sujeto ya que no nos interesa saber quién exactamente ejecuta la acción. Si una oración activa tiene complemento directo e indirecto, cualquiera de los dos complementos puede ser sujeto paciente de la pasiva: ACTIVE: Someone gives me a dog PASSIVE 1: A dog is given to me PASSIVE 2: I am given a dog (forma pasiva idiomática) La forma pasiva de doing, seeing, etc es being done, being seen, etc. ACTIVE: I don't like people telling me what to do PASSIVE: I don't like being told what to do En ocasiones en las que ocurre algo a veces imprevisto, no planeado o fortuito para la formación de la voz pasiva se prefiere usar get y no be: get hurt, get annoyed, get divorced, get married, get invited, get bored, get lost

3. Las construcciones impersonales (se dice, se comenta, etc.) son muy típicas de la pasiva y difíciles de traducir para los hispanoparlantes. Este tipo de construcción pasiva -utilizada cada vez con mayor frecuencia en los medios- se forma con la estructura sujeto + to be + participle: It is reported (Se informa); It is said (Se dice); It is known (Se sabe); It is supposed (Se supone); It is considered (Se considera); It is expected (Se espera). Veamos algunos ejemplos: ACTIVE: Everybody thinks Cathy works very hard. PASSIVE 1: Cathy is thought to work very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...) PASSIVE 2: It is thought that Cathy works very hard. (Se piensa que Cathy...) ACTIVE: They believe Tom is wearing a white pullover. PASSIVE 1: Tom is believed to be wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...) PASSIVE 2: It is believed that Tom is wearing a white pullover. (Se cree que...)

4. USOS ADICIONALES DE SUPPOSE a) Se usa en afirmativo para acciones que estaban planeadas, que se supone que van a realizar, u obligaciones que uno debería cumplir. You were supposed to be here at 9:00 am!! b) Otras veces, el uso de supposed indica que estos planes o obligaciones finalmente no se cumplieron: The train was supposed to arrive at 5 o'clock. (but it arrived at 8 o'clock) You were supposed to go to the supermarket. (but you didn't go) c) Por el contrario, en negativo, supposed significa la no conveniencia o prohibición de hacer algo: You are not supposed to smoke here. (you are not allowed to smoke here) You are not supposed to copy our web files. (you must not copy our web files)

 

FORM SUMMARY

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE TENSES CHART

 http://english-zone.com/verbs/pssvchrt.html

SIMPLE PRESENT and SIMPLE PAST The active object becomes the passive subject. am/is/are +  past participle was/were + past participle
Active: Simple Present The movie fascinates me. The movie bores Jack. The movie surprises them.	Passive: Simple Present I am fascinated by the movie. Jack is bored by the movie. They are surprised by the movie.
Active: Simple Past The movie bored me. The movie fascinated Jack. The movie surprised them.	Passive: Simple Past I was bored by the movie. Jack was fascinated by the movie. They were surprisedby the movie.

PRESENT and PAST CONTINUOUS (PROGRESSIVE) Passive form:  am/is/are + being + past participle was/were + being + past participle
Active: Present Continuous I am helping Shannon. June is helping Su and Ling.	Passive: Present Continuous Shannon is being helped by me. Su and Ling are being helped by June.
Active: Past Continuous I was cleaning the bathroom. They were cleaning the bedroom. Susan was cleaning the kitchen and patio.	Passive: Past Continuous The bathroom was being cleaned by me. The bedroom  was being cleaned by them. The kitchen and patio were being cleaned by Susan.

PRESENT PERFECT, PAST PERFECT and FUTURE PERFECT Passive form:  have/has been + past participle had been + past participle
Active: Present Perfect I have mailed the gift. Jack has mailed the gifts.	Passive: Present Perfect The gift has been mailed by me. The gifts have been mailed by Jack.
Active: Past Perfect Steven Spielberg had directed the movie. Penny Marshall had directed those movies.	Passive: Past Perfect The movie had been directed by Steven Spielberg. The movies had been directed by Penny Marshall.
Active: Future Perfect John will have finished the project next month. They will have finished the projects before then.	Passive: Future Perfect The project will have been finished by next month. The projects will have been finished before then.

FUTURE TENSES Passive forms: will + be + past participle is/are going to be + past participle
Active: Future with WILL I will mail the gift. Jack will mail the gifts.	Passive: Future with WILL The gift will be mailed by me. The gifts will be mailed by Jack.
Active: Future with GOING TO I am going to make the cake. Sue is going to make two cakes.	Passive: Future with GOING TO The cake is going to be made by me. Two cakes are going to be made by Sue.

PRESENT / FUTURE MODALS The passive form follows this pattern: modal + be + past participle
Active: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Sharon will invite Tom to the party. Sharon won't invite Jeff to the party. (Sharon will not invite Jeff to the party.)	Passive: WILL / WON'T (WILL NOT) Tom will be invited to the party by Sharon. Jeff won't be invited to the party by Sharon. (Jeff will not be invited to the party by Sharon.)
Active: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) Mai can foretell the future. Terry can't foretell the future. (Terry can not foretell the future.)	Passive: CAN / CAN'T (CAN NOT) The future can be foretold by Mai. The future can't be foretold by Terry. (The future can not be foretold by Terry.)
Active: MAY / MAY NOT Her company may give Katya a new office. The lazy students may not do the homework. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Her company might give Katya a new office. The lazy students might not do the homework.	Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may be given a new office by her company. The homework may not be done by the lazy students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might be given a new office by her company. The homework might not be done by the lazy students.
Active: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T Students should memorize English verbs. Children shouldn't smoke cigarettes.	Passive: SHOULD / SHOULDN'T English verbs should be memorized  by students. Cigarettes shouldn't be smoked  by children.
Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to learn English verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)	Passive: OUGHT TO English verbs ought to be memorized by students.
Active: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT Students had better practice English every day. Children had better not drink whiskey.	Passive: HAD BETTER / HAD BETTER NOT English had better be practiced every day by students. Whiskey had better not be drunk by children.
Active: MUST / MUST NOT Tourists must apply for a passport to travel abroad. Customers must not use that door.	Passive: MUST / MUST NOT A passport to travel abroad must be applied for. That door must not be used by customers.
Active: HAS TO / HAVE TO She has to practice English every day. Sara and Miho have to wash the dishes every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Maria doesn't have to clean her bedroom every day. The children don't have to clean their bedrooms every day.	Passive: HAS TO / HAVE TO English has to be practiced every day. The dishes have to be washed by them every day. DOESN'T HAVE TO/ DON'T HAVE TO Her bedroom doesn't have to be cleaned every day. Their bedrooms don't have to be cleaned every day.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO I am supposed to type the composition. I am not supposed to copy the stories in the book. Janet is supposed to clean the living room. She isn't supposed to eat candy and gum. They are supposed to make dinner for the family. They aren't supposed to make dessert.	Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO The composition is supposed to be typed by me. The stories in the book are not supposed to be copied. The living room is supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum aren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner for the family is supposed to be made by them. Dessert isn't supposed to be made by them.

PAST MODALS The past passive form follows this pattern: modal + have been + past participle
Active: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The students should have learned the verbs. The children shouldn't have broken the window.	Passive: SHOULD HAVE / SHOULDN'T HAVE The verbs should have been learned by the students. The window shouldn't have been broken by the children.
Active: OUGHT TO Students ought to have learned the verbs. (negative ought to is rarely used)	Passive: OUGHT TO The verbs ought to have been learned by the students.
Active: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) I was supposed to type the composition. I wasn't supposed to copy the story in the book. Janet was supposed to clean the living room. She wasn't supposed to eat candy and gum. Frank and Jane were supposed to make dinner. They weren't supposed to make dessert.	Passive: BE SUPPOSED TO (past time) The composition was supposed to be typed  by me. The story in the book wasn't supposed to be copied. The living room was supposed to be cleaned by Janet. Candy and gum weren't supposed to be eaten by her. Dinner was supposed to be made by them. Dessert wasn't supposed to be made by them.
Active: MAY / MAY NOT That firm may have offered Katya a new job. The students may not have written the paper. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT That firm might have offered Katya a new job. The students might not have written the paper.	Passive: MAY / MAY NOT Katya may have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper may not have been written by the students. MIGHT / MIGHT NOT Katya might have been offered a new job by that firm. The paper might not have been written by the students.