Present perfect simple and continuous

Present perfect simple  

Form: It is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb have and the past participle (3rd column in the irregular verbs).

Examples: 

Affirmative: subject+ have/has+ -ed/3rd column+complement
 I have decided to leave tomorrow (regular)
 She has decided to leave tomorrow

Negative: subject+ haven't/hasn't+ -ed/3rd column+complement
He hasn't decided to leave tomorrow
We haven't decided to leave tomorrow

Questions: (Question pronoun)+ have/has/haven't/hasn't+subject+ -ed/3rd column+complement ?

What has she written the email to Lucy?
Have you written the email to Lucy?
Hasn't she written the email to Lucy?
What haven't you written to Lucy?

Uses:

General: the present perfect describes past events which are connected to the present.

1) Experience in our life up to now (hasta ahora):
Ex: Have you visited any other countries?
Yes, I have been to  Italy and France.

(There is no time expression because we are talking about a whole life experience, not individual events. if we wanted to say when the events happened we would use the past simple.)

2) An event in the past that has a result in the present.

Ex: Helen has broken her pencil
I have hurt my foot.

(There is no time expression because when it happened is not important. Our attention is on the present (Where is the pencil?/ I can't play football). If we wanted to say when the actions happened we would use the past simple.)

3) A situation that started in the past and continues until the present.

Ex: I have lived here for ten years.
I have often seen Jim with his dog in the park.

(Here there is a time expression, describing how long or how often something has happened.)

4) Completion: we often use the present perfect when we describe how many things are completed so far.

Ex: I have read a hundred pages of this book.

(An exact time is not mentioned).

TIME EXPRESSIONS

1) Ever/never: we use ever and never when we ask or talk about our experiences in life.

Ex: Have you ever eaten Japanese food? No, I have never eaten it.

2) Yet/so far and already: we use yet in questions and negative sentences. It has a similar meaning to so far (or up to now), which is used in questions and positive sentences.

Ex: Have you finished this book yet? No, I am on page 56.
How many pages have you read? I have read 56 pages so far.

- We use already in positive sentences to describe an action which happened before.
Ex: When are you going to finish your letter? I have already written it.

3) Just: we use just when we describe a very recent event.
Ex: Cathy has just phoned from the airport.

4) Frequency adverbs (always, often...): frequency adverbs that are used with the present simple can also be used with the present perfect.

Ex: He has always loved you. (a state)
We have often visited Spain (a repeated event)

5) For and since: "for" describes the length of a time period.
Ex: Tom has worked here for three months.

"Since" describes the point when the time period started.
Ex: Tom has worked here since July 10th.

Present perfect continuous

Form: It is formed with the present perfect of be and the -ing form of the verb.

Examples:
Affirmative: subject+ have/has+ been+ verb -ing+complement
Ex: I've been waiting here all morning.
She has been reading a book all the day.

Negative: subject+ haven't/hasn't+ been+ verb -ing+complement
Ex: I haven't been sleeping well recently.
She hasn't been doing the homework today

Questions: (Question pronoun)+ have/has/haven't/hasn't+subject+ -ed/3rd column+complement ?
Ex: What have you been doing lately?
Have you been doing your homework lately?
What has he been studying today?
Has he been studying in the library today?

Use: 

1) The present perfect continuous, like the present perfect, describes past events which are connected to the present. But in the continuous form, there is a meaning of an action or situation in progress.

Ex: What have you been doing lately?
I've been working a lot.
Ho long have you been living here?

2) The present perfect continuous can emphasize the length of the time of the action.

Ex: I have been waiting here all the morning.
He has been feeling ill for weeks.

3) The present perfect continuous can emphasize that the action is temporary.

Ex: I have been staying in a hotel for the past month.

4) The present perfect continuous can be used for repeated actions.

Ex: I have been phoning her for days, but she is never at home.

5) The action meay be finished or conitnuiun, we only know by the situation.

Ex: Carlos has been studying English for two years and now he's stopped! What a shame.
Carlos has been studying English for two years. He is going to do an exam next year.

Typical expressions: all day, all morning, for days, for ages, lately, recently, since, for...

Present perfect simple or continuous?

1) Often there is a very little difference between the two tenses:

Ex: I have worked here for two years
       I have been working here for two years.

I have lived here for two years.
I have been living here for two years.

2) We often use the present perfect if our attention is on the finished result, but the present perfect continuous if our attention is on the action.

Ex: I have written that email to Jackie. i was meaning to do it for ages.
I have been writing that email to Jackie and it's taken an hour! I am exhausted!

3) If we give details of how many or how much we do not use a continuous form.

Ex: I have written four emails.
I have done a lot of cooking and cleaning this afternoon.

4) Present simple or present perfect?

We use the present simple to describe habits or states in the present, but we use the present perfect to describe the time until the present.

Ex: I live in Prague (a permanent state-I always live there)
I have lived in Prague for two years (I arrived two years ago and still live there).

5) past simple or present perfect?

The past simple describes an event in a completed time period. The present perfect is used for a time period that includes the present.

Ex: I lived in Prague in the nineties. (Now I live somewhere else)
I have lived in Prague since the nineties (I still live there)


COME ON!!!!YES, YOU CAN!!!

Phonétique

PHONÉTIQUE FRANÇAISE!!!

Les  sons  du  français
 

LES VOYELLES

                               VOYELLES ORALES
                                                    arrondies
                           [i]               [y]                  [u]                   VOYELLES NASALES

       fermées              [e]           [ø]                [o]                           []     []    []
                                                 []                                          []
        ouvertes   []       []             []
                                              [a]         []
                                   antérieures     postérieures
                                   (aigües)         (graves)
 



                VOYELLES   ORALES

                   [ i ]     [ y ]      [u]                                          VOYELLES NASALES

                  /E/      /OE/      /O/                                         /E*/           []
                              /A/                                                     []
 

[i]    "si", "livre"
/E/   "pied", "général"
/A/    "va", "base"
/O/   "comme", "auto"
[u]     "mouche", "tout"

[y]      "sur", "lune"
/OE/   "fleur", "peu"
/E*/    "cinq" , "parfum"
[]    "vent", "flan"
[]    "bon", "monter"



LES  SEMIVOYELLES

                         [ j ]         [ w ]         [  ]

  [j] "miel", "tuyeau", "fille", "abeille"
 [w] "oui , roi
 [] "lui", "nuage"

LES CONSONNES

                            BILABIALE     LABIODENTALE   DENTALE       PALATALE         VELAIRE

OCCLUSIVES    Sourde        [p]                                      [t]                                       [k]
              Sonore        [b]                                     [d]                                       [g]

 FRICATIVES     Sourde                           [f]                   [s]                 []
                        Sonore                           [v]                   [z]                 []
 NASALES                        [m]                                     [n]                 []
 LATERALES                                                                                     [l]
VIBRANTES                                                                                                               [R]



 [p] père, coupe
 [t] ton, autre
 [k] kilo, disque
 [b] bon, arabe
 [d] don, idole
 [g] guerre, fugue
 [f] fin, golfe
 [s] son, penser
 [m] mer, mode
 [n] non, nager
 [] vigne, signal
 [l]] lion, salon
[v]   vie, avoir
[z]   maison, zone
[]   chat, bouche
[]    joli, plage
[R]   riz, heure


LES CONSONNES DE L' ESPAGNOL:



Des pages utiles:

http://www.frances-online.de/gramatica/capitulo_2/2_1_resumen_del_sistema_fonetico.htm

http://phonetique.free.fr/alpha.htm

http://www.clipclass.net/pronunciation/index_es.htm

http://hyperpolyglotte.com/aprende_frances/pron_guia.php

http://www.uv.es/moltoe/liens/lienslang1.htm

http://www3.unileon.es/dp/dfm/flenet/courstourdumonde/phonetique.htm

http://www.ucalgary.ca/repsit/comprehension-culture-phonetique/#phonetique

http://www.lepointdufle.net/phonetique.htm

Tenses: Past perfect simple and continuous

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE and PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Past perfect simple

Form:

 Positive                   Negative                   Question

I had spoken.     I had not spoken.        Had I spoken?

Use of Past Perfect

• action taking place before a certain time in the past
  (putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)
  Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.
• Conditional Sentences Type III (condition that was not given in the past)
  Example: If I had seen him, I would have talked to him.

Past perfect continuous

The past perfect progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

Form

• A: He had been talking.
• N: He had not been talking.
• Q: Had he been talking?

Use

• action taking place before a certain time in the past
• sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple
• puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action

Español

   PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Es el pasado del pasado. Se usa para hablar de una acción pasada que ocurrió antes que otra también pasada: “The train had alredy left when they got to the station”. (“El tren ya se había ido cuando llegaron a la estación”). El verbo de la primera acción estará en “past perfect”, el de la segunda, en “past simple”.

También se emplea con el adverbio “just” para expresar acciones que acaban de ocurrir: “When my mother phoned, the children had just gone to bed” (“Cuando llamó mi madre, los niños se acababan de acostar”).

La fórmula para su construcción es “Pasado del verbo TO HAVE + Participio del verbo principal”: “I had lived there” (“yo había vivido allí”).     

  

La forma negative se construye poniendo la partícula “not” tras el verbo auxiliar “had”. Ambas pueden contraerse: “hadn’t”. Ejemplo: I hadn’t been in New Cork” (“Yo no había estado en Nueva York”).

Para la interrogativa, se cambian de sitio el pasado de “Have” (“had”) y el sujeto, situándose aquél en primer lugar de la oración: “Had you been in New York?” (“¿Habías estado tú en Nueva York?”).

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Se usa para subrayar la duración de una acción que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra.

Ejemplo: “He was so dirty because he had been cleaning the chimney” (“Estaba tan sucio porque había estado limpiando la chimenea”).

Su fórmula es: pasado simple del verbo auxiliar “to have” (“had”) + participio del verbo “to be” (“been”) + forma del gerundio del verbo principal (-ing). Ejemplo: “He had been watching the televisión” (“Él había estado viendo la televisión”).

Las oraciones negativas se forman poniendo “not” entre “had” y “been”: “She hadn’t been sleeping well” (“Ella no había estado durmiendo bien”).

Para la interrogativa, el auxiliar “had” se antepone al sujeto: “Had we been visiting our grandfather regularly?” (“¿Hemos estado nosotros visitando regularmente a nuestro abuelo?”).

Exercises:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/past-perfect-progressive/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-perfect-simple-1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/past-perfect-simple-2

Difference between past simple and past perfect:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/tests?test1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/tests?test2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/read-on/countries/usa/tour/orlando

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/exercises?ex05

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-pasper/exercises?ex06

Tenses: present perfect simple and present perfect continuous

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE and PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Form:

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs Example: I / you / we / they have spoken he / she / it has spoken regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed Example: I / you / we / they have worked he / she / it has worked	form of 'have' + been + verb + ing   Example: I / you / we / they have been speaking he / she / it has been speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' : when the final letter is e, only add d Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - worried but: play - played	Exceptions when adding 'ing' : silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming aber: agree - agreeing after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: sit - sitting after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying

USE:

Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
Result (what / how much / how often) I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.	Duration (how long) I have been writing for an hour.

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
Emphasis on completion I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)	Emphasis on duration I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
desired result I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)	unwanted side effect Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
since the last time I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.)	since the beginning I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

Present Perfect Simple	Present Perfect Progressive
permanent James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)	temporary James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

Exercises:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex03

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex04

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex06

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex08

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex10

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/tests?test1

Tenses: past simple and past continuous

PAST SIMPLE and PAST CONTINUOS

FORM:

Simple Past	Past Progressive
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs I spoke regular verbs: verb + ed I worked	past form of 'be' + ing form of verb   I was speaking you were speaking he / she / it was speaking we were speaking they were speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' : when the final letter is e, only add d. Example: love - loved after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: admit - admitted final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelled after a consonant, final y becomes i. (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - he worried but: play - he played	Exceptions when adding 'ing' : silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming but: agree - agreeing after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled Example: sit - sitting final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English) Example: travel - travelling final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying

USE:

Simple Past	Past Progressive
after another She came home, switched on the computer and checked her e-mails.	at the same time Simon was playing on the computer while his brother was watching TV.

Simple Past	Past Progressive
new action My mobile rang (when I was sitting in a meeting.)	action already in progress While I was sitting in a meeting, (my mobile suddenly rang.)

Simple Past	Past Progressive
just mentioning Colin played football yesterday.	emphasising progress Yesterday at six o'clock, Colin was playing football.

Past simple and past continuous (español)

1.- Past simple

El "past simple" describe una acción pasada ya finalizada.

When I was young I lived in Madrid (ahora vivo en Barcelona)

2.- Past continuous

Indica que una acción se estaba desarrollando en cierto momento del pasado al cual se hace referencia. No dice si la acción ya finalizó o todavía continuaba.

When the mother came home her husband was playing with the kids (no sabemos si terminó de jugar en ese momento o continuó jugando)

A veces se describen dos acciones simultáneas que tuvieron lugar en el pasado. En dicho caso, se utiliza el "past imple" para describir aquella que finalizó y el "past continuous" para aquella otra que estaba ocurriendo cuando la primera tuvo lugar.

Yesterday evening when you called me I was having a shower
When the parents arrived home the children were watching TV

Otra diferencia entre ambos tiempos es que el "past continuous" se utiliza a veces para indicar que la acción es más casual, menos planificada.

Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I was running (algo rutinario, que suelo hacer con frecuencia, por lo que no lo resalto)
Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I ran (algo diferente, un tanto extraordinario, por lo que quiero destaca.

Time expressions

Simple Past	Past Progressive
first then If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, …)	when while as long as

EXERCISES:
http://www.aulafacil.com/Ingejerc/Lecciones/Ejerc19.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-paspro/exercises?ex07

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-paspro/exercises?ex08

TENSES

TENSES

Present simple and present continuous

FORM:

Simple Present	Present Progressive
infinitive (3rd person singular: infinitive + 's') I speak you speak he / she / it speaks we speak they speak	form of 'be' and verb + ing   I am speaking you are speaking he / she / it is speaking we are speaking they are speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 's' : For can, may, might, must, do not add s. Example: he can, she may, it must After o, ch, sh or s, add es. Example: do - he does, wash - she washes After a consonant, the final consonant ybecomes ie. (but: not after a vowel) Example: worry - he worries but: play - he plays	Exceptions when adding 'ing' : Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee) Example: come - coming but: agree - agreeing After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled. Example: sit - sitting After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English). Example: travel - travelling (British English) but: traveling (American English) Final ie becomes y. Example: lie - lying

USE:

Simple Present	Present Progressive
in general (regularly, often, never) Colin plays football every Tuesday. present actions happening one after another First Colin plays football, then he watches TV.	right now Look! Colin is playing football now. also for several actions happening at the same time Colin is playing football and Anne is watching.
Signal words
always every ... often normally usually sometimes seldom never first then	at the moment at this moment today now right now Listen! Look!
Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present: be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want

Simple Present	Present Progressive
action set by a timetable or schedule The film starts at 8 pm.	arrangement for the near future I am going to the cinema tonight.

Simple Present	Present Progressive
daily routine Bob works in a restaurant.	only for a limited period of time (does not have to happen directly at the moment of speaking) Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.

TESTS:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpre-prepro/tests?test1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpre-prepro/tests?test2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpre-prepro/tests?test3