Blog creado para ayudar a mis alumnos con sus dudas en inglés y francés, así como para subir apuntes para ellos. Por otra parte, comentaré temas de educación que me parecen importantes.
En el estilo indirecto se mantiene la partícula interrogativa, salvo con la conjunción "que", que se transforma en "ce que".: Elle dit: "que pensez-vous?" > elle dit ce que vous pensez. Generalmente después de la partícula va el sujeto (No se dice, o al menos no se suele decir, "elle dit ce que pensez-vous")
Con verbos como "conseiller de", "dire de", etc., va infinitivo. De hecho, la preposición "de" obliga a introducir un infinitivo: "elle vous conseille de faire les exercices"
¿Qué diferencia hay entre estilo directo e indirecto?
Estilo directo.- Viene señalado por un guión inicial o por dos puntos. Las palabras se reproducen tal como las dice el hablante
Estilo indirecto.- Mediante el estilo indirecto reproducimos lo que alguien ha dicho. En francés el estilo indirecto está introducido por verbos como: DIRE (déclarer, affirmer, raconter…) , RÉPONDRE, DEMANDER..
EXEMPLES : Discours direct: Je veux aller à la plage Pouvez-vous venir avec nous?
Discours indirect: Julie dit qu’elle veut aller à la plage Julie et Lucas demandent si nous pouvons venir avec eux
Si vuelves a fijarte en los ejemplos, podrás observar que cuando pasamos de estilo directo a indirecto o viceversa, se producen cambios en las oraciones: - cambios en los pronombres : Je veux aller à la plage Julie dit qu’elle veut aller à la plage
Pouvez-vous venir avec nous? Julie et Lucas demandent si nous pouvons venir avec eux
- En la costrucción de la oración:Exemple: - C’est une plage superbe - Emma dit que c’est une plage superbe
- Tu veux descendre la montagne? - Elle me demande si je veux descendre la montagne
PASO DE ESTILO DIRECTO A INDIRECTO
Veamos cómo debemos hacer para pasar de estilo directo a indirecto según el tipo de oración.
1. Oración enunciativa (déclarative):DIRE QUE (decir que)
Exemple: Il fait froid. Elle dit qu‘il fait froid Nous sortions ensemble. Ils disent qu‘ils sortaient ensemble
2. Oración imperativa (impérative = ordre): DIRE DE+ infinitif (decir que…); DEMANDER DE + infinitif (pedir que…)
Exemple:
- Fais ton travail!. Il me dit de faire mon travail - Ne regardez pas en bas! Il nous dit de ne pas regarder en bas (¡Atención!: para negar un infinitivo, se pone ne y pas juntos, delante del infinitivo) - Parlez plus fort!. Elle nous demande de parler plus fort
3. Oración interrogativa (interrogative):
Total (totale):cuando se nos responde SI o NO DEMANDER SI (preguntar si)
Exemple: - Tu entends bien la prof? Il me demande si j’entends bien la prof - Vous êtes sortis tôt? Ils nous demandent si nous sommes sortis tôt
Exemple: Tu viens avec moi?. Il demande si je vais avec lui Vous partirez demain?. Ils demandent si nous partirons demain
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be
going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably,
they often express two very different meanings. These different
meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice,
the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer
to a specific time in the future.
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A
voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else.
Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request
for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or
volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or
"won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
I will call you when I arrive.
If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the
idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not
matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general
prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might
happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has
little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In
the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
Simple present
We sometimes use the simple present form to discuss future events. Especially
when talking about official events that happen at a set time such as timetables,
meetings, itineraries, programmes etc. For example:
Q) "What time does the train leave?" A) "It leaves at
17.30."
Q) "What time does the meeting begin tomorrow?" A) "It
begins at 8.00am."
Q) "What time do you arrive at the airport tomorrow?" A) "I
arrive at 6.30pm."
Using the present continuous for the future
The future continuous tense is the present continuous tense recycled. It is often used to ask about and discuss future
arrangements or plans with just the addition of a future time, but you only use it
when these arrangements are certain. For example:
Q) What are you doingnext week?" A) "I'm working."
Q) What's he doingtomorrow?" A) "He's playing tennis."
The present continuous tense is also used to talk about and make future
appointments and arrangements using the words go or come.... For example:
Q) When are you coming to see me?" A) "Next week."
Q) What are you doing tomorrow?" A) "I'm going to the dentist."
...and using verbs of arrival and departure.
"We're arriving in London at 2.30."
"The train leaving from platform one is the 2.45 to Edinburgh."
The Future Continuous (will be doing)
The use of 'will be doing' in a sentence is often referred to
as the future continuous. It is used to talk about activities that will
be happening at a particular time or over a particular time in the
future. For example: Next week we will be having a party. Can you come?
You can also use it (or the present continuous form) to talk about future plans. For example:
We will be leaving here at 7.30pm.
Future Perfect
Discussing the future using the present perfect simple form
You can use the present perfect simple form to say that something will have
happened by a certain time in the future.
"This time next year I will have finished my exams."
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker
has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's
meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses
beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by
the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
une pomme
une banane
une cerise
un raisin
un citron
une orange
un ananas
une fraise
une pastèque
une laitue, une salade
une carotte
un oignon
une tomate
une pomme de terre
du fromage
du lait
un yaourt
du beurre
de la bière
du jus (d'orange)
de l'eau
du vin
un rafraîchissement
des herbes
du sel
du poivre
de l'huile
du vinaigre
de la moutarde
