miércoles, 24 de octubre de 2012

Phonétique

PHONÉTIQUE FRANÇAISE!!!


Les  sons  du  français
 

LES VOYELLES

                               VOYELLES ORALES
                                                    arrondies
                           [i]               [y]                  [u]                   VOYELLES NASALES

       fermées              [e]           [ø]                [o]                           []     []    []
                                                 []                                          []
        ouvertes   []       []             []
                                              [a]         []
                                   antérieures     postérieures
                                   (aigües)         (graves)
 



                VOYELLES   ORALES

                   [ i ]     [ y ]      [u]                                          VOYELLES NASALES

                  /E/      /OE/      /O/                                         /E*/           []
                              /A/                                                     []
 

[i]    "si", "livre"
/E/   "pied", "général"
/A/    "va", "base"
/O/   "comme", "auto"
[u]     "mouche", "tout"

[y]      "sur", "lune"
/OE/   "fleur", "peu"
/E*/    "cinq" , "parfum"
[]    "vent", "flan"
[]    "bon", "monter"



LES  SEMIVOYELLES

                         ]         [ w ]         [  ]

  [j] "miel", "tuyeau", "fille", "abeille"
 [w] "oui , roi
 [] "lui", "nuage"

LES CONSONNES

                            BILABIALE     LABIODENTALE   DENTALE       PALATALE         VELAIRE

OCCLUSIVES    Sourde        [p]                                      [t]                                       [k]
              Sonore        [b]                                     [d]                                       [g]

 FRICATIVES     Sourde                           [f]                   [s]                 []
                        Sonore                           [v]                   [z]                 []
 NASALES                        [m]                                     [n]                 []
 LATERALES                                                                                     [l]
VIBRANTES                                                                                                               [R]



 [p] père, coupe
 [t] ton, autre
 [k] kilo, disque
 [b] bon, arabe
 [d] don, idole
 [g] guerre, fugue
 [f] fin, golfe
 [s] son, penser
 [m] mer, mode
 [n] non, nager
 [] vigne, signal
 [l]] lion, salon
[v]   vie, avoir
[z]   maison, zone
[]   chat, bouche
[]    joli, plage
[R]   riz, heure


LES CONSONNES DE L' ESPAGNOL:



Des pages utiles:

http://www.frances-online.de/gramatica/capitulo_2/2_1_resumen_del_sistema_fonetico.htm

http://phonetique.free.fr/alpha.htm











domingo, 21 de octubre de 2012

Tenses: Past perfect simple and continuous



PAST PERFECT SIMPLE and PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Past perfect simple

Form:

 Positive                   Negative                   Question
I had spoken.     I had not spoken.        Had I spoken?


Use of Past Perfect

  • action taking place before a certain time in the past
    (putting emphasis only on the fact, not the duration)
    Example: Before I came here, I had spoken to Jack.
  • Conditional Sentences Type III (condition that was not given in the past)
    Example: If I had seen him, I would have talked to him.


Past perfect continuous

The past perfect progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the past.

Form

  • A: He had been talking.
  • N: He had not been talking.
  • Q: Had he been talking?

Use

  • action taking place before a certain time in the past
  • sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple
  • puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action




Español

   PAST PERFECT SIMPLE


Es el pasado del pasado. Se usa para hablar de una acción pasada que ocurrió antes que otra también pasada: “The train had alredy left when they got to the station”. (“El tren ya se había ido cuando llegaron a la estación”). El verbo de la primera acción estará en “past perfect”, el de la segunda, en “past simple”.

También se emplea con el adverbio “just” para expresar acciones que acaban de ocurrir: “When my mother phoned, the children had just gone to bed” (“Cuando llamó mi madre, los niños se acababan de acostar”).
La fórmula para su construcción es “Pasado del verbo TO HAVE + Participio del verbo principal”: “I had lived there” (“yo había vivido allí”).     
  
La forma negative se construye poniendo la partícula “not” tras el verbo auxiliar “had”. Ambas pueden contraerse: “hadn’t”. Ejemplo: I hadn’t been in New Cork” (“Yo no había estado en Nueva York”).

Para la interrogativa, se cambian de sitio el pasado de “Have” (“had”) y el sujeto, situándose aquél en primer lugar de la oración: “Had you been in New York?” (“¿Habías estado tú en Nueva York?”).

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Se usa para subrayar la duración de una acción que ocurrió en el pasado antes que otra.

Ejemplo: “He was so dirty because he had been cleaning the chimney” (“Estaba tan sucio porque había estado limpiando la chimenea”).

Su fórmula es: pasado simple del verbo auxiliar “to have” (“had”) + participio del verbo “to be” (“been”) + forma del gerundio del verbo principal (-ing). Ejemplo: “He had been watching the televisión” (“Él había estado viendo la televisión”).

Las oraciones negativas se forman poniendo “not” entre “had” y “been”: “She hadn’t been sleeping well” (“Ella no había estado durmiendo bien”).

Para la interrogativa, el auxiliar “had” se antepone al sujeto: “Had we been visiting our grandfather regularly?” (“¿Hemos estado nosotros visitando regularmente a nuestro abuelo?”).



Exercises:




Difference between past simple and past perfect:









Tenses: present perfect simple and present perfect continuous



PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE and PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Form:

Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
irregular verbs: form of 'have' + 3rd column of irregular verbs
Example:
I / you / we / they have spoken
he / she / it has spoken
regular verbs: form of 'have' + infinitive + ed
Example:
I / you / we / they have worked
he / she / it has worked
form of 'have' + been + verb + ing
 
Example:
I / you / we / they have been speaking
he / she / it has been speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' :
  • when the final letter is e, only add d
    Example:
    love - loved
  • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
    Example:
    admit - admitted
  • final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
    Example:
    travel - travelled
  • after a consonant, final y becomes i (but: not after a vowel)
    Example:
    worry - worried
    but: play - played
Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
  • silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee)
    Example: come - coming
    aber: agree - agreeing
  • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
    Example: sit - sitting
  • after a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English).
    Example: travel - travelling
  • final ie becomes y.
    Example: lie - lying

USE:

Both tenses are used to express that an action began in the past and is still going on or has just finished. In many cases, both forms are correct, but there is often a difference in meaning: We use the Present Perfect Simple mainly to express that an action is completed or to emphasise the result. We use the Present Perfect Progressive to emphasise the duration or continuous course of an action.
Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
Result (what / how much / how often)
I have written 5 letters. / I have been to London twice.
Duration (how long)
I have been writing for an hour.

Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
Emphasis on completion
I have done my homework. (Meaning: My homework is completed now.)
Emphasis on duration
I have been doing my homework. (Meaning: That's how I have spent my time. It does not matter whether the homework is completed now.)
Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
desired result
I have washed the car. (Result: The car is clean now.)
unwanted side effect
Why are you so wet? - I have been washing the car. (side effect: I became wet when I was washing the car. It does not matter whether the car is clean now.)

Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
since the last time
I haven't played that game for years. (Meaning: It's years ago that I last played that game.)
since the beginning
I haven't been playing that game for an hour, only for 10 minutes. (Meaning: It's not even an hour ago that I started to play that game.)

Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect Progressive
permanent
James has lived in this town for 10 years. (Meaning: He is a permanent resident of this town.)
temporary
James has been living here for a year. (Meaning: This situation is only temporary. Maybe he is an exchange student and only here for one or two years.)

Exercises:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex03

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex04

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex06

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex08

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/exercises?ex10

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/prepersim-preperpro/tests?test1



Tenses: past simple and past continuous

PAST SIMPLE and PAST CONTINUOS


FORM:
Simple PastPast Progressive
irregular verbs: see 2nd column of irregular verbs
I spoke
regular verbs: verb + ed
I worked
past form of 'be' + ing form of verb
 
I was speaking
you were speaking
he / she / it was speaking
we were speaking
they were speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 'ed' :
  • when the final letter is e, only add d.
    Example: love - loved
  • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
    Example: admit - admitted
  • final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
    Example: travel - travelled
  • after a consonant, final y becomes i. (but: not after a vowel)
    Example: worry - he worried
    but: play - he played
Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
  • silent e is dropped (but: does not apply for -ee)
    Example: come - coming
    but: agree - agreeing
  • after a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled
    Example: sit - sitting
  • final l is always doubled in British English (not in American English)
    Example: travel - travelling
  • final ie becomes y.
    Example: lie - lying

USE:

Simple PastPast Progressive
after another
She came home, switched on the computer and checked her e-mails.
at the same time
Simon was playing on the computer while his brother was watching TV.

Simple PastPast Progressive
new action
My mobile rang (when I was sitting in a meeting.)
action already in progress
While I was sitting in a meeting, (my mobile suddenly rang.)

Simple PastPast Progressive
just mentioning
Colin played football yesterday.
emphasising progress
Yesterday at six o'clock, Colin was playing football.

Past simple and past continuous (español)


1.- Past simple
El "past simple" describe una acción pasada ya finalizada.
When I was young I lived in Madrid (ahora vivo en Barcelona)
2.- Past continuous
Indica que una acción se estaba desarrollando en cierto momento del pasado al cual se hace referencia. No dice si la acción ya finalizó o todavía continuaba.
When the mother came home her husband was playing with the kids (no sabemos si terminó de jugar en ese momento o continuó jugando)
A veces se describen dos acciones simultáneas que tuvieron lugar en el pasado. En dicho caso, se utiliza el "past imple" para describir aquella que finalizó y el "past continuous" para aquella otra que estaba ocurriendo cuando la primera tuvo lugar.
Yesterday evening when you called me I was having a shower
When the parents arrived home the children were watching TV
Otra diferencia entre ambos tiempos es que el "past continuous" se utiliza a veces para indicar que la acción es más casual, menos planificada.
Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I was running (algo rutinario, que suelo hacer con frecuencia, por lo que no lo resalto)
Yesterday morning, from 8 to 10, I ran (algo diferente, un tanto extraordinario, por lo que quiero destaca.
Time expressions

Simple PastPast Progressive
  • first
  • then
  • If-Satz Typ II (If I talked, …)
  • when
  • while
  • as long as

EXERCISES:
http://www.aulafacil.com/Ingejerc/Lecciones/Ejerc19.htm

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-paspro/exercises?ex07

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpas-paspro/exercises?ex08

TENSES

TENSES

Present simple and present continuous

FORM:

Simple PresentPresent Progressive
infinitive
(3rd person singular: infinitive + 's')
I speak
you speak
he / she / it speaks
we speak
they speak
form of 'be' and verb + ing
 
I am speaking
you are speaking
he / she / it is speaking
we are speaking
they are speaking
Exceptions
Exceptions when adding 's' :
  • For can, may, might, must, do not add s.
    Example: he can, she may, it must
  • After o, ch, sh or s, add es.
    Example: do - he does, wash - she washes
  • After a consonant, the final consonant ybecomes ie. (but: not after a vowel)
    Example: worry - he worries
    but: play - he plays
Exceptions when adding 'ing' :
  • Silent e is dropped. (but: does not apply for -ee)
    Example: come - coming
    but: agree - agreeing
  • After a short, stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.
    Example: sit - sitting
  • After a vowel, the final consonant l is doubled in British English (but not in American English).
    Example: travel - travelling (British English)
    but: traveling (American English)
  • Final ie becomes y.
    Example: lie - lying

USE:

Simple PresentPresent Progressive
in general (regularly, often, never)
Colin plays football every Tuesday.
present actions happening one after another
First Colin plays football, then he watches TV.
right now
Look! Colin is playing football now.
also for several actions happening at the same time
Colin is playing football and Anne is watching.
Signal words
  • always
  • every ...
  • often
  • normally
  • usually
  • sometimes
  • seldom
  • never
  • first
  • then
  • at the moment
  • at this moment
  • today
  • now
  • right now
  • Listen!
  • Look!
Note: The following verbs are usually only used in Simple Present:
be, have, hear, know, like, love, see, smell, think, want
Simple PresentPresent Progressive
action set by a timetable or schedule
The film starts at 8 pm.
arrangement for the near future
I am going to the cinema tonight.

Simple PresentPresent Progressive
daily routine
Bob works in a restaurant.
only for a limited period of time (does not have to happen directly at the moment of speaking)
Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.
TESTS:

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpre-prepro/tests?test1

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpre-prepro/tests?test2

http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/simpre-prepro/tests?test3




Pages for practicing English

USEFUL WEBSITES TO PRACTICE YOUR ENGLISH


Conversation:

Conversation: http://www.eslfast.com/robot/

Speaking: http://www.learnenglish.de/englishchat.htm

Conversation: http://www.talkenglish.com/

Conversation: http://www.englishdaily626.com/conversation.php

Fonética: http://usefulenglish.ru/phonetics/practice-vowel-contrast

Common mistakes in English

Mistakes: http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/common-mistakes-practice

Vocabulary, grammar, listening, exercises:

Vocabulary and speaking: http://www.englishgateway.com/free-practice

Grammar, vocabulary, listening, speaking (lots of exercises): http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/

English grammar: http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/

Grammar theory: http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/

Basic English: http://portal.unedmotril.org/files/english%20grammar_1.pdf

English grammar exercises: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar

English grammar theory: http://www.englishgrammarsecrets.com/

Gramática inglesa en español: http://www.ompersonal.com.ar/omgrammar/indicetematico.htm

English grammar exercises: http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises_list/alle_grammar.htm

English grammar: http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/

English vocabulary by categories: http://www.theenglishvocabulary.com/categorytopic.php?lang=3

English vocabulary: http://www.languageguide.org/english/

English vocabulary: http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/vocabulary.php

Vocabulary: http://www.learnenglish.de/vocabpage.htm

Vocabulary: http://www.saberingles.com.ar/vocabulary.html

English vocabulary quizz: http://iteslj.org/v/s/

 
Quizzes                                                                                   

Quizz: http://www.quibblo.com/

BBC Quizzes: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/quizzes/

Interactive quizzes: http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/quiz_list.htm

Fun quizzes: http://www.funquizcards.com/

Youtube lessons

The world of English: http://www.youtube.com/user/duncaninchina

Let's talk institute: http://www.youtube.com/user/learnexmumbai

English with Jennifer: http://www.youtube.com/user/JenniferESL

English lessons 4u: http://www.youtube.com/user/englishlessons4u

English class 101: http://www.youtube.com/user/ENGLISHCLASS101