Blog creado para ayudar a mis alumnos con sus dudas en inglés y francés, así como para subir apuntes para ellos. Por otra parte, comentaré temas de educación que me parecen importantes.
En el estilo indirecto se mantiene la partícula interrogativa, salvo con la conjunción "que", que se transforma en "ce que".: Elle dit: "que pensez-vous?" > elle dit ce que vous pensez. Generalmente después de la partícula va el sujeto (No se dice, o al menos no se suele decir, "elle dit ce que pensez-vous")
Con verbos como "conseiller de", "dire de", etc., va infinitivo. De hecho, la preposición "de" obliga a introducir un infinitivo: "elle vous conseille de faire les exercices"
¿Qué diferencia hay entre estilo directo e indirecto?
Estilo directo.- Viene señalado por un guión inicial o por dos puntos. Las palabras se reproducen tal como las dice el hablante
Estilo indirecto.- Mediante el estilo indirecto reproducimos lo que alguien ha dicho. En francés el estilo indirecto está introducido por verbos como: DIRE (déclarer, affirmer, raconter…) , RÉPONDRE, DEMANDER..
EXEMPLES : Discours direct: Je veux aller à la plage Pouvez-vous venir avec nous?
Discours indirect: Julie dit qu’elle veut aller à la plage Julie et Lucas demandent si nous pouvons venir avec eux
Si vuelves a fijarte en los ejemplos, podrás observar que cuando pasamos de estilo directo a indirecto o viceversa, se producen cambios en las oraciones: - cambios en los pronombres : Je veux aller à la plage Julie dit qu’elle veut aller à la plage
Pouvez-vous venir avec nous? Julie et Lucas demandent si nous pouvons venir avec eux
- En la costrucción de la oración:Exemple: - C’est une plage superbe - Emma dit que c’est une plage superbe
- Tu veux descendre la montagne? - Elle me demande si je veux descendre la montagne
PASO DE ESTILO DIRECTO A INDIRECTO
Veamos cómo debemos hacer para pasar de estilo directo a indirecto según el tipo de oración.
1. Oración enunciativa (déclarative):DIRE QUE (decir que)
Exemple: Il fait froid. Elle dit qu‘il fait froid Nous sortions ensemble. Ils disent qu‘ils sortaient ensemble
2. Oración imperativa (impérative = ordre): DIRE DE+ infinitif (decir que…); DEMANDER DE + infinitif (pedir que…)
Exemple:
- Fais ton travail!. Il me dit de faire mon travail - Ne regardez pas en bas! Il nous dit de ne pas regarder en bas (¡Atención!: para negar un infinitivo, se pone ne y pas juntos, delante del infinitivo) - Parlez plus fort!. Elle nous demande de parler plus fort
3. Oración interrogativa (interrogative):
Total (totale):cuando se nos responde SI o NO DEMANDER SI (preguntar si)
Exemple: - Tu entends bien la prof? Il me demande si j’entends bien la prof - Vous êtes sortis tôt? Ils nous demandent si nous sommes sortis tôt
Exemple: Tu viens avec moi?. Il demande si je vais avec lui Vous partirez demain?. Ils demandent si nous partirons demain
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be
going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably,
they often express two very different meanings. These different
meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice,
the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer
to a specific time in the future.
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A
voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else.
Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request
for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or
volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or
"won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.
Examples:
I will send you the information when I get it.
I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.
Will you help me move this heavy table?
Will you make dinner?
I will not do your homework for you.
I won't do all the housework myself!
A: I'm really hungry.
B: I'll make some sandwiches.
A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.
B: I'll get you some coffee.
A: The phone is ringing.
B: I'll get it.
USE 2 "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises.
Examples:
I will call you when I arrive.
If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance.
I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party.
Don't worry, I'll be careful.
I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the
idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not
matter whether the plan is realistic or not.
Examples:
He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii.
She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii.
A: When are we going to meet each other tonight?
B: We are going to meet at 6 PM.
I'm going to be an actor when I grow up.
Michelle is going to begin medical school next year.
They are going to drive all the way to Alaska.
Who are you going to invite to the party?
A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake?
B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4 "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general
prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might
happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has
little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In
the following examples, there is no difference in meaning.
Examples:
The year 2222 will be a very interesting year.
The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year.
John Smith will be the next President.
John Smith is going to be the next President.
The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards.
The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
Simple present
We sometimes use the simple present form to discuss future events. Especially
when talking about official events that happen at a set time such as timetables,
meetings, itineraries, programmes etc. For example:
Q) "What time does the train leave?" A) "It leaves at
17.30."
Q) "What time does the meeting begin tomorrow?" A) "It
begins at 8.00am."
Q) "What time do you arrive at the airport tomorrow?" A) "I
arrive at 6.30pm."
Using the present continuous for the future
The future continuous tense is the present continuous tense recycled. It is often used to ask about and discuss future
arrangements or plans with just the addition of a future time, but you only use it
when these arrangements are certain. For example:
Q) What are you doingnext week?" A) "I'm working."
Q) What's he doingtomorrow?" A) "He's playing tennis."
The present continuous tense is also used to talk about and make future
appointments and arrangements using the words go or come.... For example:
Q) When are you coming to see me?" A) "Next week."
Q) What are you doing tomorrow?" A) "I'm going to the dentist."
...and using verbs of arrival and departure.
"We're arriving in London at 2.30."
"The train leaving from platform one is the 2.45 to Edinburgh."
The Future Continuous (will be doing)
The use of 'will be doing' in a sentence is often referred to
as the future continuous. It is used to talk about activities that will
be happening at a particular time or over a particular time in the
future. For example: Next week we will be having a party. Can you come?
You can also use it (or the present continuous form) to talk about future plans. For example:
We will be leaving here at 7.30pm.
Future Perfect
Discussing the future using the present perfect simple form
You can use the present perfect simple form to say that something will have
happened by a certain time in the future.
"This time next year I will have finished my exams."
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker
has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's
meaning.
No Future in Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses
beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by
the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used.
Examples:
When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct
When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
Exercise: identify the relative clauses, if they are defining or non-defining and if the pronoun can be omitted
Do you know where you're going to do you like the things that life's been showing you where are you going to do you know
Do you get what you're hoping for when you look behind you there's no open door what are you hoping for do you know
Once we were standing still in time chasing the fantasies that filled are mine you knew how I loved you but my spirit was free laughin' at the questions that you once had of me
Do you know where you're going to do you like the things that life's been showing you where are you going to do you know
Now looking back at all we've meant we've let so many dreams just slip through our hands why must we wait so long before we see how sad the answers to those questions can be
Do you know where you're going to do you like the things that life's been showing you where are you going to do you know
do you get what you're hoping for when you look behind you there's no open door what are you hoping for do you know
Relative clauses are
clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where,
when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes
them. Here are someexamples:
Do you know the girl who
started in grade 7 last week?
Can I have the pencil that
I gave you this morning?
A notebook is a computer which
can be carried around.
I won't eat in a restaurant whose
cooks smoke.
I want to live in a place where
there is lots to do.
Yesterday was a day when
everything went wrong!
* There is a
relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative
clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much.
To many people the word whomnows sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely
used in spoken English.
Relative pronouns are
associated as follows with their preceding noun:
Precedingnoun
Relativepronoun
Examples
a person
who(m)/that,
whose
- Do you know the girl who ..
- He was a man that ..
- An orphan is a child whose parents ..
a thing
which/that,
whose
- Do you have a computer which ..
- The oak a tree that ..
- This is a book whose author ..
Note 1: The
relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It
must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father
is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a
professional tennis player.)
Note 2: The
relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time
nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries
are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New
York.
Some relative clauses are
not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra
information about it. Here are someexamples:
My ESL teacher, who came to
Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
The heavy rain, which was
unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
Einstein, who was born in
Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
The boy, whose parents both
work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
My mother's company, which
makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
In the summer I'm going to
visit Italy, where my brother lives.
Note 1:
Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences
above, must be separated off by commas.
Note 2: The
relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information
(non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the
moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the
first man to stand on the moon.
There are two common
occasions, particularly in spoken English, when the relative pronoun is
omitted:
1. When the pronoun is the
object of the relative clause. In the following sentences the pronoun that can
be left out is enclosed in (brackets):
Do you know the girl (who/m)
he's talking to?
Where's the pencil (which) I
gave you yesterday?
I haven't read any of the books
(that) I got for Christmas.
I didn't like that girl (that)
you brought to the party.
Did you find the money (which)
you lost?
Note: You cannot
omit the relative pronoun a.) if it starts a non-defining relative clause, or,
b.) if it is the subject of a defining relative clause. For example, who
is necessary in the following sentence: What's the name of the girl who won
the tennis tournament?
2. When the relative clause
contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be. In
such cases both relative pronoun and auxiliary can be left out:
Who's that man (who is)
standing by the gate?
The family (that is) living in
the next house comes from Slovenia.
She was wearing a dress (which
was) covered in blue flowers.
Most of the parents (who were)
invited to the conference did not come.
Anyone (that is) caught writing
on the walls will be expelled from school.
Relative Examples
Pronombres y frases de relativo
¿Qué es una relative clause? Entre otras cosas, es una estructura gramatical que suele dar problemas a los hispanohablantes. En esta entrega vamos a ver por qué.
Una relative clause (oración de relativo) da más información sobre la persona o cosa de la que uno está hablando. Por ejemplo,
The girls who work at that shop are really friendly.
Does the bus that goes to the airport stop here?
Muchos hispanohablantes cometen el error de repetir el sujeto en frases de este tipo. Por ejemplo,
The girls who they work at that shop are really friendly. X
Does the bus that it goes to the airport stop here? X
Aquí van más ejemplos de este error, y cómo corregirlo:
I have a friend who he works at the airport. X–> I have a friend who works at the airport.
Where are the flowers that they were on the table? X–> Where are the flowers that were on the table?
Estas frases son otra variación sobre este tema:
Did you see the gift that I bought it for your mother? X –> Did you see the gift that I bought for your mother?
There are red wines that you should drink them cold. X –> There are red wines that you should drink cold.
Para simplificar las cosas, yo recomiendo siempre utilizar who para personas y that para cosas, aunque en muchos casos también se puede utilizar that con personas. Por ejemplo, no es incorrecto decir,
The girls that work at that shop…
¿Cuándo utilizamos which, entonces?
Hay otro tipo de relative clause que añade información menos necesaria. Por ejemplo, considera estas dos frases:
My brother who lives in Florida is a teacher.
My brother, who lives in Florida, is a teacher.
En la primera estoy diciendo que de todos mis hermanos, el que vive en Florida es profesor. En este caso, utilizo la relative clause para identificar a la persona de la que estoy hablando.
En la segunda estoy diciendo que mi hermano es profesor, y que, por cierto, vive en Florida. En esta situación utilizo la relative clause para añadir información “de paso”, no para identificar a la persona de la que estoy hablando.
En frases que no se refieren a personas, utilizamos which (y no that) en el segundo tipo de relative clause. Por ejemplo,
The companies that do business in Spain are having financial problemas. (That se utiliza para identificar el grupo de empresas al que se refiere la frase.)
These companies, which do business in Spain, are having financial problems. (Which se utiliza para añadir información menos esencial.)
Si todo esto te parece complicado, hay un truco muy sencillo: utiliza which y no that después de una coma.
Resumiendo…
Lo más importante es no repetir el sujeto en tus relative clauses. En general, utilizawho para personas y that para cosas, pero después de una coma, utiliza which en lugar de that.
.
Ejercicios
Corrige estas frases:
1. The people who they were at the other table are friends of mine.
2. Juan works for a company that it’s going out of business.
3. He watches some shows that they are really good.
4. This camera has a system that it takes two pictures at a time.
5. A friend of Pablo’s who he is a journalist lives in New York.
6. We have some friends who they are getting married next March.
Traduce estas frases:
7. Ella es una chica que trabaja conmigo.
8. ¿Tiraste el periódico que estaba en la mesa?
9. Filadelfia, que fue la primera capital de Estados Unidos, es la ciudad más grande de Pennsylvania.
10. A la mayoría de la gente a la que le gusta el pollo también le gusta el pavo.
Respuestas:
1. The people who were at the other table are friends of mine.
2. Juan works for a company that’s (that is) going out of business.
3. He watches some shows that are really good.
4. This camera has a system that takes two pictures at a time.
5. A friend of Pablo’s who’s (who is) a journalist lives in New York.
6. We have some friends who are getting married next March.
7. She’s a girl who works with me.
8. Did you throw away the newspaper that was on the table.
9. Philadelphia, which was the first capital of the United States, is the biggest city in Pennsylvania.
10. Most people who like chicken also like turkey.
une pomme
une banane
une cerise
un raisin
un citron
une orange
un ananas
une fraise
une pastèque
une laitue, une salade
une carotte
un oignon
une tomate
une pomme de terre
du fromage
du lait
un yaourt
du beurre
de la bière
du jus (d'orange)
de l'eau
du vin
un rafraîchissement
des herbes
du sel
du poivre
de l'huile
du vinaigre
de la moutarde
